{"id":4469,"date":"2018-08-14T09:51:07","date_gmt":"2018-08-14T07:51:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d8%a9-aircraft-structure\/"},"modified":"2026-04-22T02:25:46","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T00:25:46","slug":"%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d8%a9-aircraft-structure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d8%a9-aircraft-structure\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 (Aircraft Structure): \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/h1>\n<p>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u0649 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boeing.com\/commercial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boeing<\/a> \u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/www.airbus.com\/en\/products-services\/commercial-aircraft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airbus<\/a> \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/\">\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 Aircraft Technical General\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/lift-and-weight\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646<\/a> \u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/thrust-and-drag\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 (Fuselage).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d (Wing).<\/li>\n<li>\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 (Empennage).<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 (Landing Gear).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 (Powerplant).<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 (Control Surfaces).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>1. \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 (Fuselage)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645:<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623. Truss Structure (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649)<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f. \u0645\u063a\u0637\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628. Monocoque (\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062c. Semi-Monocoque (\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Longerons:<\/strong> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bulkheads:<\/strong> \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0649.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stringers:<\/strong> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Longerons.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skin:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>2. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d (Wing)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639. \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Spars:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b Front Spar \u0648Rear Spar).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ribs:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0649.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stringers:<\/strong> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0649.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skin:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0649.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fuel Tanks:<\/strong> \u062e\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0645\u064e\u062c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Monoplane:<\/strong> \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biplane:<\/strong> \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646 (\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Wright Flyer).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Triplane:<\/strong> \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 (\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>High-Wing:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 Cessna 172) - \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mid-Wing:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 (\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629) - \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Low-Wing:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 Piper PA-28\u060c Boeing 737) - \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rectangular:<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 - \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tapered:<\/strong> \u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 - \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Swept:<\/strong> \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641 - \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Delta:<\/strong> \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0651\u062b - \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 Concorde.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Variable Geometry:<\/strong> \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 F-14).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>3. \u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 (Empennage)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647:<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623. Vertical Stabilizer (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0649)<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640 Fin. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0649 (Yaw) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rudder:<\/strong> \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Yaw.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0628. Horizontal Stabilizer (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0649)<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Elevator:<\/strong> \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Pitch (\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0641\u0636\u0647).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trim Tab:<\/strong> \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Elevator \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Conventional Tail:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 (Cessna 172).<\/li>\n<li><strong>T-Tail:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0649 (Boeing 727\u060c MD-80).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cruciform Tail:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0649.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V-Tail:<\/strong> \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0649 (Beechcraft Bonanza V35).<\/li>\n<li><strong>H-Tail:<\/strong> \u0630\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 (Landing Gear)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0651 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637. \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623. Conventional (Tailwheel)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Piper Cub. \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0640 Bush Flying.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628. Tricycle<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Nose Wheel) \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0631 Ground Loop.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062c. Retractable vs Fixed<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fixed:<\/strong> \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0648\u0649. \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Retractable:<\/strong> \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628. \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Struts:<\/strong> \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wheels and Tires:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Brakes:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Steering:<\/strong> \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Retraction Mechanism:<\/strong> (\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0649).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 (Powerplant)<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/aircraft-engines\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/a>. \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Piston Engines:<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 (\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Turboprop:<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 (\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Turbofan:<\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Turbojet:<\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 (\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ramjet\/Scramjet:<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nose-Mounted:<\/strong> \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 (Cessna 172).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wing-Mounted:<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d (\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fuselage-Mounted:<\/strong> \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 (Boeing 727\u060c MD-80).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tail-Mounted:<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 (\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 (Control Surfaces)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Primary Controls)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ailerons:<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Roll (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0649).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Elevator:<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0649. \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Pitch (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rudder:<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0649. \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Yaw (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0649).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Secondary Controls)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Flaps:<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645. \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Slats:<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d. \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Stall \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Spoilers:<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d. \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 (\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Speed Brakes:<\/strong> \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trim Tabs:<\/strong> \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 Cessna 172 \u0648Boeing 737 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 (Steel)<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Landing Gear \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a (Composites)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Boeing 787 \u0648Airbus A350 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 50%+ \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0640 20-30%.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tension (\u0634\u062f\u0651):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Compression (\u0636\u063a\u0637):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shear (\u0642\u0635\u0651):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bending (\u062b\u0646\u0649):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Torsion (\u0644\u0649\u0651):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Fatigue: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 (\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 &#8220;Fatigue&#8221; \u2013 \u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0640 Flight Cycles \u0648Flight Hours\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644: \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pre-flight Inspection:<\/strong> \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%b5-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-pre-flight-inspection\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>A-Check:<\/strong> \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644 400-600 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B-Check:<\/strong> \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0643\u0644 6-8 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 (\u0623\u064f\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 A-Check).<\/li>\n<li><strong>C-Check:<\/strong> \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 18-24 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D-Check:<\/strong> Heavy Maintenance \u0643\u0644 6-10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a - \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Additive Manufacturing:<\/strong> \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Smart Materials:<\/strong> \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0646\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bio-inspired Design:<\/strong> \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hybrid Materials:<\/strong> \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f &#8220;\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u061b \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u062e\u0641\u0651 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626. \u0641\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/\">\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/a>\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0649.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1273,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aircraft-structure"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4469","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4469"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4469\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4567,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4469\/revisions\/4567"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4469"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4469"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4469"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}