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\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 18,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 36,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 40,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0649 20% \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u063a\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639: Pressure Altitude \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Altimeter \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 29.92. Density Altitude \u0647\u0648 Pressure Altitude \u0645\u0635\u062d\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u060c Density Altitude \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0640 ISA. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0647\u0649 15 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f 10,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 25 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f 20,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 56.5 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f 36,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 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\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649. \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (Temperature Inversion)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 5,500 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0649. \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0637\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 Wind Shear\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 Wind Shear \u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Predictive Wind Shear \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u062b\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u0651\u0641. \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Cirrus \u0648Cirrostratus \u0648Cirrocumulus \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 20,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Altostratus \u0648Altocumulus \u0628\u064a\u0646 6,500 \u064820,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Stratus \u0648Stratocumulus \u0648Nimbostratus \u062a\u062d\u062a 6,500 \u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Cumulus \u0648Cumulonimbus \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 40,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0640 Cumulonimbus \u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 100 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Cumulonimbus \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 20 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651\u064a\u0629 (Turbulence) \u062a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629. Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a Wind Shear\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0624 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. Convective Turbulence \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0651\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. Mechanical Turbulence \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0649. Wake Turbulence \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 (Wake Vortex).<\/p>\n<p>\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f (Icing) \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629 (Supercooled) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 De-icing \u0648Anti-icing \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2>ISA: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>ICAO \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0648\u062d\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 International Standard Atmosphere\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c: \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 15 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 1013.25 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 1.225 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0651\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 1.98 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 36,089 \u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f -56.5 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651\u064a\u0629 (POH) \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 ISA. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (ISA Deviation) \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0649 ISA+15 (\u0623\u0649 15 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649) \u0633\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0643\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0633. \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 (Hypoxia) \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 10,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 Hypoxia \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648 Euphoria (\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u062a\u0636\u063a\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Cabin Pressurization) \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 6,000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 8,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u0636\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0649 (Supplemental Oxygen) \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 10,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 30 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0642 12,500 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0642 14,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0649 SkyTeam Aviation Academy<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 Meteorology \u062a\u064f\u063a\u0637\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0640 METAR \u0648 TAF \u0648 SIGMET \u0648 AIRMET\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 Synoptic Charts \u0648Prognostic Charts\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0643\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 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