{"id":4466,"date":"2018-08-14T09:57:21","date_gmt":"2018-08-14T07:57:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-air-traffic-control\/"},"modified":"2026-04-22T02:01:48","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T00:01:48","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-air-traffic-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-air-traffic-control\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Air Traffic Control): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 (ATC): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Air Traffic Control - ATC)<\/b><\/span><\/a> \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0649. \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 ICAO \u0631\u0642\u0645 11 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 “\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646”. \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0642\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0642\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626. \u0648\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0645 ATC \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e ATC<\/b><\/h2>\n
    \n
  • 1920s:<\/strong> \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/li>\n
  • 1930:<\/strong> \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0649 Cleveland<\/li>\n
  • 1935:<\/strong> \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 Air Route Traffic Control Centers<\/li>\n
  • 1940s:<\/strong> \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f<\/li>\n
  • 1950s:<\/strong> \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n
  • 1970s:<\/strong> Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)<\/li>\n
  • 1980s:<\/strong> Computer-aided ATC<\/li>\n
  • 2000s:<\/strong> ADS-B\u060c Digital ATC<\/li>\n
  • \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/strong> Remote Towers\u060c AI assistance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/h2>\n
    \"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629
    \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    ATC \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637. \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Clearance Delivery<\/td>\n\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639<\/td>\n\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ground Control<\/td>\n\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0632<\/td>\n\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tower<\/td>\n\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 (\u062d\u062a\u0649 5 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Approach\/Departure<\/td>\n\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 30-50 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Area\/Center Control (ARTCC)<\/td>\n\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0649 (En-route)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Oceanic Control<\/td>\n\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0649<\/b><\/h2>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a (Classes) \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Class A:<\/strong> \u0641\u0648\u0642 FL180 (18,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645)\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 IFR\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/li>\n
    • Class B:<\/strong> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 (Heathrow, JFK) \u2014 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/li>\n
    • Class C:<\/strong> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/li>\n
    • Class D:<\/strong> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u2014 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/li>\n
    • Class E:<\/strong> \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n
    • Class G:<\/strong> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f VFR \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/h3>\n
        \n
      • Class A: \u0645\u0646 18,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 FL600<\/li>\n
      • Class E: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0648 700 \u0642\u062f\u0645 AGL \u062d\u062a\u0649 17,999 \u0642\u062f\u0645<\/li>\n
      • Class G: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646: VFR vs IFR<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        VFR (Visual Flight Rules)<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0649 \u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        IFR (Instrument Flight Rules)<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0649 \u0637\u0642\u0633\u060c ATC \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        SVFR (Special VFR)<\/strong><\/td>\nVFR \u0641\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 VFR \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d ATC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Standard Phraseology)<\/b><\/h2>\n

        ATC \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0633:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Roger:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n
        • Wilco:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630<\/li>\n
        • Affirm \/ Negative:<\/strong> \u0646\u0639\u0645 \/ \u0644\u0627<\/li>\n
        • Standby:<\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631<\/li>\n
        • Cleared for takeoff:<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639<\/li>\n
        • Cleared to land:<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637<\/li>\n
        • Say again:<\/strong> \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0643<\/li>\n
        • Unable:<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631<\/li>\n
        • Maintain:<\/strong> \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649…<\/li>\n
        • Descend:<\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649…<\/li>\n
        • Climb:<\/strong> \u0627\u0635\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649…<\/li>\n
        • Turn left\/right heading:<\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\/\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647…<\/li>\n
        • Expedite:<\/strong> \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639<\/li>\n
        • Vector:<\/strong> \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Phonetic Alphabet (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          A - Alpha<\/td>\nB - Bravo<\/td>\nC - Charlie<\/td>\nD - Delta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          E - Echo<\/td>\nF - Foxtrot<\/td>\nG - Golf<\/td>\nH - Hotel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          I - India<\/td>\nJ - Juliet<\/td>\nK - Kilo<\/td>\nL - Lima<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          M - Mike<\/td>\nN - November<\/td>\nO - Oscar<\/td>\nP - Papa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Q - Quebec<\/td>\nR - Romeo<\/td>\nS - Sierra<\/td>\nT - Tango<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          U - Uniform<\/td>\nV - Victor<\/td>\nW - Whiskey<\/td>\nX - X-ray<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Y - Yankee<\/td>\nZ - Zulu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0649<\/b><\/h2>\n
            \n
          1. Clearance Delivery: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 IFR clearance<\/li>\n
          2. Ground: \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0649<\/li>\n
          3. Tower: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639<\/li>\n
          4. Departure: \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n
          5. Center: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0649 (Handoff \u0628\u064a\u0646 Centers)<\/li>\n
          6. Approach: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/li>\n
          7. Tower: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637<\/li>\n
          8. Ground: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0649:<\/h3>\n

            Pilot:<\/strong> “Heathrow Ground, Speedbird 123, Stand 340, request push and start for departure to JFK”<\/p>\n

            Ground:<\/strong> “Speedbird 123, push and start approved, facing south”<\/p>\n

            Pilot:<\/strong> “Push and start approved, facing south, Speedbird 123”<\/p>\n

            Transponder \u0648SSR<\/b><\/h2>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u0640 Transponder \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b (Squawk Code) \u0641\u0649 4 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 Transponder:<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • Mode A:<\/strong> \u0631\u0645\u0632 4 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/li>\n
            • Mode C:<\/strong> \u0631\u0645\u0632 + \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/li>\n
            • Mode S:<\/strong> \u0631\u0645\u0632 + \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 + \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • 7500:<\/strong> \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0641 (Hijacking)<\/li>\n
              • 7600:<\/strong> \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n
              • 7700:<\/strong> \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629<\/li>\n
              • 1200:<\/strong> VFR \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n
              • 7000:<\/strong> VFR \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Separation Standards<\/b><\/h2>\n

                ATC \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Vertical:<\/strong> 1,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b (RVSM \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d 2,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642)<\/li>\n
                • Horizontal:<\/strong> 3 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 Approach\u060c 5 \u0641\u0649 Center<\/li>\n
                • Wake Turbulence:<\/strong> 4-6 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n
                • Oceanic:<\/strong> \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Wake Turbulence Categories:<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  • Super:<\/strong> A380<\/li>\n
                  • Heavy:<\/strong> 300,000+ \u0631\u0637\u0644 (B747, B777)<\/li>\n
                  • Large:<\/strong> 41,000-300,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 (B737, A320)<\/li>\n
                  • Small:<\/strong> \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 41,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 ATC<\/b><\/h2>\n
                      \n
                    • \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647<\/li>\n
                    • Readback \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/li>\n
                    • \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/li>\n
                    • \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0649 \u0634\u0630\u0648\u0630<\/li>\n
                    • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n
                    • \u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 ATC \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630<\/li>\n
                    • \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a (Position Reports)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629: Aviate, Navigate, Communicate<\/h3>\n
                        \n
                      1. Aviate:<\/strong> \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0637\u0650\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n
                      2. Navigate:<\/strong> \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062a<\/li>\n
                      3. Communicate:<\/strong> \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0645\u0639 ATC<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        ATC \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626<\/b><\/h2>\n

                        ATC \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 Mayday (\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629) \u0623\u0648 Pan-Pan (\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629)<\/li>\n
                        • ATC \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n
                        • \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628<\/li>\n
                        • \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630<\/li>\n
                        • \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 Emergency:<\/h3>\n

                          “Mayday, Mayday, Mayday, [\u0627\u0633\u0645 ATC], [\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629], [\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626], [\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631]”<\/p>\n

                          \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/b><\/h2>\n
                            \n
                          • Primary Radar:<\/strong> \u064a\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b<\/li>\n
                          • Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR):<\/strong> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 Transponder<\/li>\n
                          • ADS-B:<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 GPS\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 ATC \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0649<\/li>\n
                          • CPDLC:<\/strong> \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648ATC (\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0649)<\/li>\n
                          • ACARS:<\/strong> Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System<\/li>\n
                          • PBN:<\/strong> Performance-Based Navigation<\/li>\n
                          • FMS:<\/strong> Flight Management Systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Sectors \u0648 Center Operations<\/b><\/h2>\n

                            \u0627\u0644\u0640 Center \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 Sectors\u060c \u0643\u0644 Sector \u0644\u0647 Controllers \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • High Sectors: \u0641\u0648\u0642 FL290<\/li>\n
                            • Low Sectors: \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644<\/li>\n
                            • Oceanic Sectors: \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/b><\/h2>\n

                              ICAO \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • Eurocontrol:<\/strong> \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/li>\n
                              • FAA:<\/strong> \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627<\/li>\n
                              • NAV CANADA:<\/strong> \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/li>\n
                              • Airservices Australia:<\/strong> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/li>\n
                              • ASECNA:<\/strong> \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/li>\n
                              • JATM:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/li>\n
                              • CAAC ATMB:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                Air Traffic Controller: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629<\/b><\/h2>\n

                                \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c:<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n
                                • \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n
                                • \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/li>\n
                                • \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n
                                • \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 2-4 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n
                                • \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645<\/li>\n
                                • Multitasking<\/li>\n
                                • \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628:<\/h3>\n
                                    \n
                                  • \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626: 60,000-90,000 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n
                                  • \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645: 120,000-180,000 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n
                                  • Center Controllers: 150,000-250,000 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n
                                  • \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 Busy (JFK, LAX): \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644:<\/h3>\n
                                      \n
                                    • Shift-based (24\/7 operation)<\/li>\n
                                    • Maximum 8-10 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n
                                    • \u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0644 2 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n
                                    • \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 55-65 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 ATC<\/b><\/h2>\n
                                        \n
                                      • Remote Towers:<\/strong> \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646)<\/li>\n
                                      • AI-assisted conflict detection:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/li>\n
                                      • Free Route Airspace:<\/strong> \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 Airways \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n
                                      • Integration \u0645\u0639 Drones:<\/strong> U-Space \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/li>\n
                                      • 4D Trajectory:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 + \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a<\/li>\n
                                      • Data Link predominant:<\/strong> \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0649<\/li>\n
                                      • Satellite-based surveillance:<\/strong> \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        ATC \u0648CRM<\/b><\/h2>\n

                                        ATC \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 Crew Resource Management \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639:<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0643\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645<\/li>\n
                                        • \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/li>\n
                                        • \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641<\/li>\n
                                        • \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 ATC \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d<\/b><\/h2>\n
                                            \n
                                          • Gimli Glider (1983):<\/strong> ATC \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f Air Canada Boeing 767 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u0649 Gimli \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n
                                          • US Airways 1549 (2009):<\/strong> ATC Patrick Harten \u0646\u0633\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 Sullenberger<\/li>\n
                                          • British Airways 5390 (1990):<\/strong> ATC \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/b><\/h2>\n

                                            \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2014 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b. ATC \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0623\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n

                                            \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 ATC\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649: \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0643 \u2014 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648ATC \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                            \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1282,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4466","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-air-traffic-control"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4466","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4466"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4466\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4554,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4466\/revisions\/4554"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1282"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4466"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4466"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4466"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}