{"id":4461,"date":"2018-07-22T17:41:32","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T15:41:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a2%d9%84%d9%89-ils\/"},"modified":"2026-04-22T02:12:37","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T00:12:37","slug":"%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a2%d9%84%d9%89-ils","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a2%d9%84%d9%89-ils\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0649 (ILS): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0649 (Instrument Landing System): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/h1>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0649 (ILS) \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0640 FAA \u0641\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/about\/office_org\/headquarters_offices\/ato\/service_units\/techops\/navservices\/gbng\/ils\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 ILS<\/a> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 Localizer \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0649 \u0648Glide Slope \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d <a href=\"https:\/\/skyteamaviation.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-flight-instruments\/\">\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/a> \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e ILS<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1929:<\/strong> \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>1938:<\/strong> \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 ILS \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0649 Indianapolis<\/li>\n<li><strong>1947:<\/strong> \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 ICAO<\/li>\n<li><strong>1960s:<\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 CAT I \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n<li><strong>1970s:<\/strong> \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 CAT II \u0648CAT III \u0645\u0639 Autoland<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/strong> +5,000 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 ILS \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0645\u0645\u064e\u0651 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 ILS \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pilotinstitute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0001_AR01_GR04_How-does-the-ILS-Work-1024x569.png\" alt=\"\u0634\u0631\u062d ILS \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629\" width=\"1024\" height=\"569\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0634\u0631\u062d ILS \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0640 ILS \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647: Localizer \u0648Glide Slope. \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 AIM \u0645\u0646 FAA\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0640 Localizer \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Glide Slope \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c.<\/p>\n<h3>Localizer: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c<\/h3>\n<figure style=\"width: 1536px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mgavia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/88f1f1ac-1d56-4fce-8dc9-97c1dfed7117.png\" alt=\"\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 ILS\u061f \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 ILS\u061f \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0640 Localizer \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0649. \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0649.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f: 108.10 \u0625\u0644\u0649 111.95 MHz (\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0649)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629: 18 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629: 35\u00b0 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629: \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 2-3\u00b0 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Centerline<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0650\u0644: \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c (\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Glide Slope: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0640 Glide Slope \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0649. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b 3\u00b0) \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c. \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b (\u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b (\u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c).<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f: 329.15 \u0625\u0644\u0649 335.00 MHz (UHF)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f Localizer (\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 Glide Slope: 3\u00b0 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649 (\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a 3.5-4\u00b0)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0650\u0644: \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629: 10\u00b0 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 10 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0649<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0640 ILS<\/h2>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/th>\n<th>Decision Height (DH)<\/th>\n<th>RVR<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>CAT I<\/td>\n<td>200 \u0642\u062f\u0645<\/td>\n<td>550 \u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CAT II<\/td>\n<td>100 \u0642\u062f\u0645<\/td>\n<td>300 \u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CAT IIIa<\/td>\n<td>50 \u0642\u062f\u0645<\/td>\n<td>200 \u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>Autoland \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CAT IIIb<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 50 \u0642\u062f\u0645<\/td>\n<td>50 \u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>Autoland \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CAT IIIc<\/td>\n<td>0 \u0642\u062f\u0645<\/td>\n<td>0 \u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a CAT II\/III<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 CAT II\/III \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0640 Autoland<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 Autopilot \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/li>\n<li>Runway \u0645\u0639 Centerline Lights<\/li>\n<li>Touchdown Zone Lights<\/li>\n<li>LVP (Low Visibility Procedures) \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0640 ILS<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Marker Beacons:<\/strong> Outer Marker (4-7 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644)\u060c Middle Marker (3,500 \u0642\u062f\u0645)\u060c Inner Marker (1,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645)<\/li>\n<li><strong>DME:<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 (\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Approach Lights (ALS):<\/strong> \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c<\/li>\n<li><strong>Runway Lights:<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n<li><strong>REIL:<\/strong> Runway End Identifier Lights<\/li>\n<li><strong>Flashing Rail Lights (SSALR):<\/strong> Strobes \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0649<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Marker Beacons Tones:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Outer Marker:<\/strong> \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (400 Hz) \u2014 &#8220;dash dash&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Middle Marker:<\/strong> \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629 (1,300 Hz) \u2014 &#8220;dot dash&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inner Marker:<\/strong> \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (3,000 Hz) \u2014 &#8220;dots&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0640 ILS<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Localizer Needle: \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637<\/li>\n<li>Glide Slope Needle: \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<li>Two-Needle Cross: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629: &#8220;Fly to the needles&#8221; \u2014 \u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Needle \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 = \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Centerline<\/li>\n<li>Needle \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 = \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 Glide Slope<\/li>\n<li>Reverse Sensing: \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u064a\u0631 Back Course<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>ILS Approach Procedure \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Initial Approach Fix (IAF):<\/strong> \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>Procedure Turn:<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/li>\n<li><strong>Final Approach Course:<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 Localizer<\/li>\n<li><strong>Glide Slope Intercept:<\/strong> \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 Glide Slope \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b 5-7 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c FAF<\/li>\n<li><strong>Final Approach Fix (FAF):<\/strong> \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0649<\/li>\n<li><strong>Middle Marker:<\/strong> \u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647<\/li>\n<li><strong>Decision Height:<\/strong> \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 Go-Around<\/li>\n<li><strong>Landing or Missed Approach<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/h2>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Precision:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>ILS, PAR \u2014 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Non-Precision:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>VOR, NDB, LOC-only \u2014 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>LPV (GPS-based):<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 ILS \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 WAAS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>LNAV:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Lateral Navigation \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>LNAV\/VNAV:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Lateral + Vertical GPS-based<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>RNP AR:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Required Navigation Performance Approach<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Visual:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Contact Approach:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Autoland: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u0649 CAT III\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 ILS:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Autopilot \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 Localizer \u0648Glide Slope \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629<\/li>\n<li>Auto-Throttle \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>Autoland \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Flare \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0640 Touchdown<\/li>\n<li>Auto-Rollout \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0651\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u0630\u0648\u0630.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a Autoland:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Autopilot \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c Fail-Operational<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d Crosswind \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (15-20 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b)<\/li>\n<li>Runway \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627 ICE \u0639\u0644\u0649 Leading Edges<\/li>\n<li>Flaps \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/li>\n<li>Gear Down<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0640 ILS<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b)<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0649<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>ILS Critical Area<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a ILS \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 (CAT II\/III):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0649 Critical Area<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0632<\/li>\n<li>ATC \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0649 LVP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>GLS (GBAS Landing System):<\/strong> \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 GPS \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/li>\n<li><strong>RNP (Required Navigation Performance):<\/strong> \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064d\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n<li><strong>LPV:<\/strong> WAAS-based\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>RNAV GPS:<\/strong> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f GPS \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/li>\n<li><strong>MLS (Microwave Landing System):<\/strong> \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>GBAS \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 ILS<\/h2>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ILS<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GBAS<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c GPS \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0640 ILS<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 IR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n<li>Partial Panel (\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>Missed Approach Procedures<\/li>\n<li>Category I minimums \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n<li>Autoland Procedures (\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b)<\/li>\n<li>Cross-Checking \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Missed Approach<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u062f Decision Height\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 Missed Approach:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (TOGA - Takeoff\/Go-Around Thrust)<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 Missed Approach \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 ATC \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 Missed Approach:<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>TOGA<\/li>\n<li>Positive Rate<\/li>\n<li>Gear Up<\/li>\n<li>Flaps Retract (\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0649)<\/li>\n<li>Climb Speed<\/li>\n<li>Navigate to Missed Approach Point<\/li>\n<li>Contact ATC<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 ILS<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Identification (\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 Morse)<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 Glide Slope \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/li>\n<li>Decision Height \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634<\/li>\n<li>Sterile Cockpit \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 10,000 \u0642\u062f\u0645<\/li>\n<li>Configuration \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 Glide Slope<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>ILS Warnings and Flags<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>GS Flag:<\/strong> \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 Glide Slope \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>LOC Flag:<\/strong> \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 Localizer \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>NAV Flag:<\/strong> \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a Flag \u2192 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>ILS Interference<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0634:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0650\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u0649<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a Ground Equipment \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Glide Slope \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>3\u00b0 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 Standard. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644 (~300 \u0642\u062f\u0645\/\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 150 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Steeper Glide Slopes:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>London City Airport: 5.5\u00b0 (\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>Lugano, Switzerland: 6.65\u00b0<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u062a\u0649 6\u00b0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Approach Categories \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 Vref:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A:<\/strong> \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 91 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 (Cessna 172)<\/li>\n<li><strong>B:<\/strong> 91-120 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 (Beech King Air)<\/li>\n<li><strong>C:<\/strong> 121-140 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 (A320, B737)<\/li>\n<li><strong>D:<\/strong> 141-165 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 (B747, B777)<\/li>\n<li><strong>E:<\/strong> \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 165 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 (\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0649)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>ILS Monitoring<\/h2>\n<p>FAA \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0643\u0644 ILS:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0649<\/li>\n<li>Flight Check \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0649<\/li>\n<li>Maintenance Monitoring \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/li>\n<li>Auto-shutdown \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0644<\/li>\n<li>Backup Transmitter \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>ILS \u0641\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3>Mountain Airports<\/h3>\n<p>Aspen, CO: ILS \u0645\u0639 Glide Slope \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>Water Approaches<\/h3>\n<p>Reagan National: ILS \u0645\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 DC.<\/p>\n<h3>Offset ILS<\/h3>\n<p>Localizer \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c Sidestep \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0640 ILS \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0649 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u2014 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a GPS \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0640 ILS \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0640 ILS\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0649 \u2014 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 ILS \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d GPS\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0640 ILS \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0640 Backup \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0640 CAT III \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. 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